Foot Pain
Differential Diagnosis
Common Diagnoses
- Gout
- Verruca
- Bunion/Hallux Valgus
- Infected Ingrowing Toenail (IGTN)
- Plantar Fasciitis
Occasional Diagnoses
- Morton’s Neuroma
- Metatarsalgia
- Arthritis (Osteo and Rheumatoid)
- Achilles Tendonitis/Bursitis
- Oedema
- Foreign Body
Rare Diagnoses
- March Fracture
- Sever’s Disease (Apophysitis of the Calcaneus), Usually a Problem of Adolescence
- Osteochondritis: Navicular = Köhler’s Disease; Head of Second or Third Metatarsal = Freiberg’s Disease
- Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
- Erythromelalgia and Painful Polyneuropathy
- Ischaemia
Ready Reckoner
Key distinguishing features of the most common diagnoses
| Gout | Verruca | Bunion | IGTN | Plantar Fasciitis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forefoot Pain | Yes | Possible | Yes | Yes | No |
| Very Tender Joint(s) | Yes | No | Possible | No | No |
| Pain at Rest | Yes | No | No | Possible | No |
| Tender Heel | No | Possible | No | No | Yes |
| Sudden Onset | Yes | No | No | Possible | Possible |
Possible Investigations
Likely:None.
Possible:Urinalysis, FBC, ESR/CRP, rheumatoid factor/anti-CCP antibodies, uric acid, X-ray.
Small Print:Bone scan, angiography.
- Urinalysis may reveal glycosuria in previously undiagnosed diabetic with neuropathy (suspicion of neuropathy may in itself require further investigations).
- FBC/ESR/CRP: Raised WCC and ESR/CRP in infection and severe inflammation.
- Rheumatoid factor: Of prognostic help if foot pain is part of clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (consider anti-CCP antibodies if negative).
- Uric acid: If gout suspected, especially with recurrent attacks and if considering prophylaxis.
- X-ray useful if suspect possible arthritis, osteomyelitis, march fracture, osteochondritis, radio-opaque foreign body. If clinical suspicion high and X-ray unhelpful, bone scan may be more useful.
- Angiography: If ischaemic foot with rest pain.
Top Tips
- The vast majority of causes are obvious from the history or from a cursory examination. The harder you have to think, the more likely that there may be an obscure cause requiring investigation.
- It can be difficult to distinguish gout from a severely inflamed bunion. With gout, the patient may have had previous episodes, the onset tends to be sudden, the joint is extremely tender and joint movements are very limited.
- Important pointers can be picked up in the history, especially for some of the less common causes. Thus, Morton’s neuroma causes a sharp pain often radiating to the third and fourth toes, relieved by removing the shoe; plantar fasciitis is described as ‘walking on a pebble’, especially after resting; and a march fracture results in a pain which initially comes on predictably with exercise and which then becomes continuous, with local bony tenderness and possibly a lump.
Red Flags
- If a known arteriopath complains of pain in the ball of the foot disturbing sleep then the diagnosis is probably critical ischaemia. Refer urgently.
- Fever and systemic illness with localised extreme bone pain and signs of local infection is acute osteomyelitis or septic arthritis until proved otherwise. Admit.
- Pain with no obvious signs – particularly tenderness – in the foot suggests ischaemia, neuropathy or an L5/S1 nerve root lesion.
- If no cause is evident but the patient has very localised sole tenderness away from the heel, consider a foreign body.