Schizophrenia

Definition/diagnostic criteria Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. Positive symptoms include auditory hallucinations, unusual sensory perceptions​​​​, delusions and thought disorder. Negative symptoms are characterised by a loss of motivation, interest, and emotional expression, leading to a diminished ability to function in daily life​​.

Epidemiology In the UK, schizophrenia affects approximately 1 in every 100 people over their lifetime​​. The exact causes remain unknown, but it’s believed to result from a combination of genetic, biological and environmental factors​​.

Diagnosis Diagnosis of schizophrenia involves a comprehensive assessment by a mental health specialist. Differential diagnosis is crucial, especially in distinguishing schizophrenia from bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder​​.

Treatment The focus is on early recognition, management of acute episodes, promoting long-term recovery, and addressing coexisting health problems and side-effects of medication​​​​. Treatment plans are tailored to individual needs, often involving antipsychotic medication.

Prognosis Prognosis varies significantly among individuals. Factors influencing prognosis include the severity and duration of symptoms, treatment effectiveness, and the presence of coexisting conditions. The emphasis is on achieving long-term recovery, which encompasses not just symptom management but also functional improvement and quality of life enhancement.